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Paramphistomum cervi
''Paramphistomum cervi'', the type species of genus ''Paramphistomum'', is an parasitic flat worm belonging to the class Trematoda. It is a tiny fluke mostly parasitising livestock ruminants, as well as some wild mammals. Uniquely, unlike most parasites, the adult worms are relatively harmless, but it is the developing juveniles that cause serious disease called paramphistomiasis (or classically amphistomosis), especially in cattle and sheep. Its symptoms include profuse diarrhoea, anaemia, lethargy, and often result in death if untreated.
It is considered as worldwide in prevalence. It is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, including Australia, Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Russia. The most debilitating cases are reported in Europe from Bulgaria, Italy, France, and Poland and also in Asia from Thailand, India, and China. The parasitic infection was first described from Punjab, India.
==Description==
Adult ''P. cervi'' is conical in shape, the anterior end tapering and the posterior being broad, and pink in colour. The colour is due to its own haemoglobin. They are 5–13 mm long, 2–5 mm wide, with the ventral side somewhat concave while the dorsal side is convex. It has two suckers, an anterior oral sucker and a posterior larger ventral sucker, hence the generic name (Greek: ''para'' meaning "besides", ''amphi'' meaning "on both sides", and ''stoma'' for "mouth"). The tegumental surface is highly corrugated with transverse folds alternating with grooves and is spineless, which is uncharacteristic of trematodes. The genital pore is situated at the anterior third of the body. There are two types of bulbous shaped sensory papillae on the surface, each measuring 10-15 µ in diameter at the base with nipple-like tips; one has a short cilia on top. Clusters of papillae on the ventral surface and around the anterior suckers are larger in size and number; while there are few on the dorsal surface. As hermaphrodite, both male and female reproductive systems are present towards the posterior region of the body. Testes are slightly lobed and are located anterior to the ovary. Eggs are clear shell and measure about 140 x 80 µ; barrel-shaped with operculum at one end.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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